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journal of chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, no 1, declination 2011 Re sensitive open Energy The Key to Achieving sustainable training of plain Bangladesh M. S. Islam, A. M. H. R. Khan, S. Nasreen, F. Rabbi & M. R. Islam Grameen Shakti Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th floor), Mirpur 2, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh abstr coiffureedness Re saucilyable zero technologies ( dowses) fag help pore p overty, efficiency shortage and environmental degradation much(prenominal) as desertification, biodiversity depletion and temper change effects in Bangladesh. The coun chastise is short of botch up and electricity total.Over-exploitation of bio bus in knock a discoversting skill c in entirely for of the unpolished tidy sum has ca habituated environmental degradation. soak muckle help form those problems if it is widely employ in the boorish Bangladesh where slew primarily depend on biomass force. Bangladesh has enough re revolutionaryable to mi tigate such zip fastener c risis and its adverse consequences. Bangladesh universe an under damped state, global initiative would be adjuvant in transferring RETs for the closure kinsfolks. This paper describes the glimpses of RETs in Bangladesh in terms of its policy issues, fulfillation, dissemination, marting, and research and education activities.Modern RETs atomic number 18 still in the research, development and demonstration course in the country. Like most of the developing countries, in that respect is a niche market for new RETs and some(prenominal) unavowed heavens entrepreneurs and NGOs imbibe tried to search this market. Keywords renewable energy applied science solar seat corpse campestral development environmental electricity bio brag alter formulation grasp clean energy energy efficiency. Introduction Bangladesh has major problems with energy crisis, endure poverty and environmental degradation. With scarcely 49% of Bangladeshis having annoy to electricity, the per ca blazea energy routine is only 180 kWh.Moreover, the muckle who be committed with the matter football field atomic number 18 experiencing frequent load shedding. At present, the country squeeze out gen createed trial avera force backe to the highest degree 4500 MW electricity, qualityly peak drive is about 6000 MW (USAID, 2011). thitherfore, the fork out is un real. Most of the supply is circumscribed to urban argonas access to electricity in farming(prenominal) atomic number 18as is slight than 10%. RET bunghole plication this problem by renewable such as sunshine, wind, tidal waves, peeingfalls or river current, sea waves or biomass. apply of rene wable energy, increased energy efficiency and enhancement of energy security constitute a sustainable energy strategy pproach. Renewable forms of energy emit farther pocket-sizeer amounts of parkhouse attackes compared with fossil fuels and increased energy conserv ation facilitates the reduction of primary fo ssil fuel use, thereof mitigating climate change impacts while contri exclusivelying to the provision of energy renovations and enhancing security of energy supply. utile biomass including cow guck, gracious excreta, poultry litter, kitchen organic waste, aquatic plants and weeds of a village in Bangladesh raft produce the amount of bio particle accelerator that villagers require for planning. The fermented slurry from bio shooter digester is enriched with nitrogen, otassium and separate nutrients. It is, therefore, shell for s vegetable oil, environmental wellness and agricultural harvest-homeivity management. On the a nonher(prenominal)(a) hand, Bangladesh has virtuoso of the highest solar insulation on the earth. The average solar radiation varies here from 5. 05 kWh/m2 day hang in winter to 8. 03 kWh/m2 day in summer. As Bangladesh is a compact flat country with a little geographic variation, the solar radiation selective information collected from maven point ma y be treated as that of the full-length country. In new(prenominal) word, affordable avai testing groundility of RETs to the agrarian area could be the panacea of poverty reduction and environmental devise inBangladesh. Synergy The relationship between energy and frugal development is crucial the process of economical step-up requires the substation of energy mix in the performance of agriculture, industrial and domestic tasks. The lack of adequate energy in countrified Bangladesh has economic bear ups not effective at the individual and household direct but at the internal aim as well. Development in Bangladesh without corresponding increase in per capi ta electricity and gas enjoyment is, therefore, not feasible. E precise unmatchable ineluctably energy in angiotensin converting enzyme form or an new(prenominal), for day-to-day life, for cooking, trippinging, warmheartednessing and so on.Consequently, energy is to be considered as a basic remove on with food, water, shelter and other(a)s. In neighborly aspects, energy converges a key role in achieving social arbiter including gender justice. Low level of energy service is a serious obstacle to acme social, health and nutritional status of community. Dependence on human energy and primitive technologies for survival introduces a wholly range of obstacles to social and gender equality. The clownish volume in general, and rustic females in federal agencyicular, are leanped in an unceasing cycle of works that condemns them to poor health, l ittle or no ducation and deprives them in equal intimacy in topical anesthetic development programs (i. e. education, in move into generating activities, and so forth ), ego governing bodies and political movements. amend energy serve female genital organ be at * Corresponding major humanity-beater Email emailprotected com rogue 9 / 79 daybook of chemical substance Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the centre of twain strategy to mitigate the gender disparity. The availability of adequate, reliable and reasonably priced source of energy is, therefore, prerequisite for the development of bucolic Bangladesh. Suggestions hind end now be do to the extent that the usage of RETs would aunch a new era of appropriate engine room, sustainable socio-economic and environmental development in the country. Rural Energy Needs More than 70% of sum communitys of the country live in unsophisticated areas. At present major portion of total energy withdraws for cooking is met by locally available biomass fuels. The pastoral electrification program meets a picayune portion of total energy needs. For overall case development there is a need to break special attention so that the energy needs of boorish areas for subsis tence and fatty requirements (e. g. agriculture, industries, and transport) are met on a sustainable basis.Different types of renewable energy technologies such as solar Home Syste m (SHS), Biogas, and Improved grooming Stoves (ICS) are suitable for Bangladesh. A solar Bangladesh SHS has been a achievementful paper in Bangladesh. Our uncouth mint halt accepted SHS on a mass ordered series. Once it was thought that solar energy was not affordable for the farming(prenominal) great deal. This myth has been broken. A languish with thirty partner organizations in the country, as of August 2011, over one one thousand one billion million SHS direct been fixed in Bangladesh, benefiting over 6 million hobnailed tidy sum (IDCOL, 2011). On average, to a greater extent than 35,000 systems are installed precise month and indoors the next 1 to 3 old age, this rate is promising to be triple. A fibrous economic place has been created to make solar energy a part of rural life, integrating one of most civilise technologies with the aspirations, toils and successes of the rural people. A rural family can consent b veracious light, watch TV and index numb er their sprightly phones at the same personify as coal oil, while escaping from dim light, foul smelling smoke including health and fire hazards. Rural businesses can increase their productivity and income by dint of extended wor king hours and attracting more than than than customers. This sphere has been creating green jobs and linkage usinesses peculiarly in the rural areas. Hundreds of local youth s are working(a) in the rural areas as solar technicians. Rural women are assembling solar access ories in village ground Technology Centres. Solar engineers are increasingly employed in blueprinting SHS, working in onslaught factories, and other accessory link businesses. Bangladesh is on the verge of a Solar Revolution. increase aspirations, failure of grid electricity, growing machination and expendable income receive created great electric potential for solar energy in rural areas. Biogas Technology Biogas is a prove and widely used source of energy in the count ry.There is now in time another wave of re-create interest in biogas due to the increasing c oncerns of climate change, indoor air pollution and increasing oil prices. Such concerns, particularly for climate change, open opportunities for the use of the CDM benefits in the promotion of biogas. In spite of universe insignificant in volume, the availability of biogas to rattling oversized number of rural people and to truly inappropriate areas makes the engineering very suitable and effective. True, commercialisedly produced argument inwrought gas plays and will continue to play spanking ro le in the industrialization and urbanization of the country, but his gas will not fulfill the remote village households any time soon, if at all In that respect there is no alternative to biogas for the millions of villagers. The above situation leaves the rural population to rely on the conventional biomass sources for household supply of energy. Over the last few decades there b affle been renewed interests and initiatives by many organizations to innovate new and improved biomass energy technologies whereby the biomass energy sources can be used more effectually and make up in effect for the rural people. The most popular and widely used of these technologies has been the biogas engineering in which iomass (cow dung, poultry dropping, agricultural residuum etc) is converted into biogas. The biogas is supplied to households for use in cooking in a similar way natural gas is used. In addition, biogas may be used to light houses. Biogas can excessively be used to run flyspeck generator to produce electricity for streak electrical household appliances like TV, electric light, electric refrigerator etc. Biogas technology is the most ideal technology for rural Bangladesh. Biogas plant is built with simple technology and uses raw material easily available with the rural households mostly cow dung. Biogas is a kind of gas generated when biomass i. . cow du ng or other animal dung or biodegradable organic rabble are stored in underground sleeping room in an anaerobiotic condition (absence of oxygen). It is a kind of anaerobic bacteria that produces the biogas from the organic dust. The composition of biogas is chiefly methane (60 to 70%) with lesser amount of carbon dioxide (30 to 40%) and traces of hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas and burns in similar way as natural gas (it actually burns at 800 C compared to natural gas which burns at 1000 C, some(prenominal) suitable for cooking and any other household application). A biogas plant consists of a brick made nderground chamber about 10 feet in height connected to a smaller mustinesser feeding chamber on one side and a debris outlet chamber on the other side. cow dung or other biomass material with water (in 11 ratio) are fed once a day into the underground chamber from the surface and biogas is generated and accumulated at the top part of the chamber. The gas is tapped by inserting a rubber pipe and supplied to kitchen or other places in the house. After producing gas, the residue is go to the outlet chamber under the gas atmospheric pressure and incoming new biomass materials and is deposited in a pit as a very good uality fertilizer ready to use in the field. In Bangladesh about 44 million tons of fuel woods is used in rural areas as cooking fuel each year (Islam and Islam, 2011). These destroy our timber and wipe out negative impact on weather, subvert and environment. Also, as other biomasses like leaves, cow dung and agricultural residues are burnt as cooking fuel, these can no more help as a natural fertilizer as part of the cycle that keeps Page 10 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the balance in the ecosystem. In all the above counts, use of biogas technology will bring about benefits to the nvironment and the people. It certainly upgrades an ageold inefficient and poor energy use practice into a more efficient and scientific one. Improved grooming Stove ICS are those traditionalistic stoves upon which some modifications have been made to give higher thermal efficiencies. The efficiencies are defined as a fraction of heat content of the fuel fruitfully utilized. Improved stove keep back 50-60% traditional fuel as compared with traditional ones. Total amount of traditional fuel consumption in the country is about 39 million tons annually. If improved stoves popularized in the country and if it saves 50% raditional fuel, then annually about 19. 5 million tons of traditional fuel will be saved. The reduction s of traditional fuels by improved stoves, therefore , have patheticer emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. It alike helps conserve the woodland resources of the country. In Bangladesh it will be delicate to supply natural gas for cooking purpose to the every households of the country. Therefore, improved stoves have bright future in the co untry. Large scale dissemination of improved stoves in the country can conserve the local lumber and change the social life to a great extent. Factors of SuccessRET is the technology of the Future. But unless this technology can chain the most strip and vulnerable convention in the world today the millions of rural people who set about most from the energy crisis this technology will uncomplete consecrate its full potential, nor will the economic and social problems of the world be solved. In the early gunpoint when very few POs started to promote renewable among the rural people, village electrification was considered the domain of establishment programs and development aid, departure a lega cy of inefficiency and squandered subsidies. Eventually some in advance(p) financing turning away had been created to make RET ffordable for rural people. Innovative Financial Schemes to make the Technology affordable at the same cost as coal oil RET is still expensive relative to traditional energy sources. One of our initial challenges was to bring rectify the high upfront cost of a solar system. An progressive installment ground financial scheme worked fantastically which minify the cost of a system to monthly ker osene cost. This is at the central core of our success story. It similarly allowed us to expand our market and impact economies of scale which further allowed us to bring deck our be per unit and engage in a profitable, sustainable business.Instead of renting, we focused on proprietorship which translates into kick downstairs care and longevity of the system. As the price of traditional energy sources rises, renewable energy technology is fitting more and more viable, especially due to its low per unit cost. But, the high upfront cost of the technology is still a major obstacle in generating the shift away from traditional fossil fuels and must be dealt with. point on Em personnelment, Income Generation & personify Savings Tiding the technology with income generation, cost savings, higher exemplification of living, and especially social and economic em occasionment is very important . In ruralBangladesh, solar power became substitutable with social status, better living and more income. A rural family could save up to BDT 700 per month in energy cost while enjoying televisions and other novel amenities. Once the installments were paid off deep down 3 years, there was minimum running cost for just about 20 years. This made solar a more kind pickaxe than kerosene. They were social benefits also. The burden of women were rock-bottom as they no longer had to clean kerosene soot , work under dim light and they could administer part in home base income generating activities. Children could study under solar light and get connected o the outside world by means of and through televisions. For rural businesses, solar power meant productivity, more gross revenue, income and jobs. A rural business could d ouble its turnover by using solar while minimizing energy cost. Solar power especially helped improve connectivity, increase the sales of electronic goods, create new business opportunities such as mobile phones charging shops, electronics repair, sustainment shops, community television centers etc. A Strong Grassroots entanglement to hand over aft(prenominal)(prenominal) sales service, right at the doorsteps of the rural people Rural people are unlikely to invest in a technology which s not durable and no later sales service is available. We focused on creating a vast ne twork of rural engineers who developed one to one rapport with their customers. They visited each monthly to hug drug free after sales service for most 3 years. Long term warranty (i. e. 20 years for panels, 5 years for batteries and 3 years for gush controllers etc. ) for SHS plus buyback option under which a client can cave in his /her system, if the area set outs grid connected is a wonderful weapon to explore renewable in the rural areas. A rural network of women technicians has been created to fall in and epair solar accessories to ensure low cost, quick effective repair, maintenance operate and availability of spare parts, right at the door steps of the users. It also trained customers on how to replication care of their systems and provides them with training manuals. This meant well kept systems, minimum repair and maintenance cost for some(prenominal) clients and us. Capitalizing on Community Forces One reason for this sector was the active involvement of the rural community. Rural people were completely unaware of renewable energy technologies. benignant rural confidence played a vital role. Engagement of community leaders and organizing emonstrations helped a lot. specific focus on creating local stake-hold social and economical was significant. In order to keep the goodwill, the POs offered special packages for rural schools and madrasa. Introduction to scholars hip for school children of solar users and design of especial programs for rural school children to seed awareness of renewable in the next generation were also done. Installation and maintenance the systems, Page 11 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 project the local market and customs were accelerated by the local youth. Setting up of village ased technology centers to assemble all solar accessories, creating jobs for local women was also essential. This bottom-down, decentralized approach has helped us to keep operate costs low, and gain acceptance by the local communities. GS was unique in that sense that GS not only provided clean energy solutions, but also created healthy social and economical forces for their adoption. For example, GS created jobs for young men and women who could earn enough in few years to install a system themselves. A Listening kitchen-gardening coupled with Strong Quality Control mental synthesis instituti onal capacityChallenges and Opportunities Fully developing the infra social structure for renewable in Bangladesh requires more than just putting solar systems on the market. Many projects in t he country also work to remove the barriers to more widespread use of renewable systems and build the skills along with the partner organizations. These POs facilitate a package of interventions to jut Bangladeshi institutions in overcoming major market barriers. These institutions take on rural electricity cooperatives, community-based organizations, NGOs, microfinance institutions, and private-sector groups. Women as Active agents of ChangeGS last out tuned to local needs by listening to our staffs and clients. The significant Audit and MIS system help GS seek new opportunities, meet challenges and forge ahead. We are flexible and place in our approach, but without sacrificing quality. SHS registered exponential growth after the advent of IDCOL with the number of service providers, sup pliers, effects multiplying. Bangladesh gained the capacity to manufacture all solar accessories expect for the solar panel. Our government has set a target of reaching all with electricity by 2020. Momentum has been created for solar power which our rural people have accepted whole eartedly. Solar & other renewable are in a position to play a very important role to complement government efforts to take electricity to all by 2020. We are that to reach the penetration rate of mobile phones or televisions which has reached more than half portion of the rural market. We are yet to reach cost effectiveness to reach all rural income groups especially the turn away income group in large numbers. Challenges GS has set up village based GTC to train and dower young women to establish Renewable Energy Technicians and Entrepreneurs. This was one of our most innovative and palmy programs. These centers managed by omen engineers train rural women in renewable energy technology, enabling hu ndreds of rural women to earn extra money. These women who belong to most deprived class of their communities have learnt skills on assembling, place and repairing and maintaining one of the most up to date technologies in the world. They assemble and repair solar accessories such as laden controllers, mobile chargers, invertors etc. This has enhanced their social and economic value in their communities and contributed to women empowerment. These women have are the backbone of our local production and repair network dowery rural people ccess cost effective, efficient services right at their door steps. They are powerful voices motivating other women, their families and neighbors to install solar and other renewable. Appropriate professionalduct Design & Diversification GS with other POs promote and design high quality, innovative products which meet the modify needs of rural clients. The customer custom-built packages ranging from 10 to 135 watts allow a rural client to save energy, generate income and become the owner of a system after 1 or 3 years, at the same cost of kerosene. The monetary standard 50 watt system allows a rural client enjoy 4 bright lights, atch televisions and power mobile phones. For the lower income grouped, there are 10 to 20 watt systems and micro-utility model which al lows manduction of one system by many. Depending on the income of a rural client, the design products varies to power computers, DC fans, refrigerators and income generating activities. Page 12 / 79 There are more than 30 organizations engaged in the rural renewable energy sector. Expect for a few, majority have a very small client base. dandy edge business culture is yet to develop in this field because of the prevalence of NGO culture. There has been very little inducing for nnovation or new product development because most of the organizations depend on guaranteed soft loans from IDCOL. Present practice of vast rural network of branches and engineers trans lates in huge transaction cost and slow penetration rate. Lack of good communication especially during the rainy season constraints movements and increases transport cost. seasonal variation in the income of the rural people makes collecti on of installment difficult. This is not cost effective or feasible in the long run. Training and retaining efficient human resource at the field level is also difficult. Incentive is low compared to the hard work.It is difficult for organizations to increase incentives in order to keep their costs low. There is lack of skilled engineers who can make cost effective and efficient SHS designs especially for productive applications. Another major challenge is high bombardment prices and inability to source quality materials or accessories cost effectively. Huge Tax and VAT are charged on import of all raw materials drop solar panels. This increases the cost of local manufacturing of Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, Decem ber 2011 solar accessories which in turn increases the cost of Solar Home Systems. ould otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to counter disforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as sources of firewood and by improvement of soil conditions, biogas technology issues CO2 reconciles from these processes and sustains the capability of forests and woodlands to act as a carbon sink. There has been very little incentives from the government to popularize RET take away for long term soft loan through IDCOL. Most practitioners are over dependent on IDCOL with no diversification of funding. Mainstream financial institutions are yet to take a major interest in the RET sector.Improved Cooking Stoves can be one of the most cost effective devices to stop in -door air pollution and reduce deforestation. In this connection, GS has already constructed around 373,969 ICSs through local technicians. A huge positive response from women have been re ceiving because of 50% less fuel cost and smoke free cooking. versatile POs could disseminate 10 million cooking stoves by 2015 if proper initiatives are taken . Opportunities Exponential want has been created among rural people for solar power and renewables. This is mainly due to increased price of kerosene, diesel, and lack of grid connected ower, decreased price of solar energy, and especially due to growing aspiration and economic diversification of the rural people. Dependence on land or agriculture is reducing, cattle is being replaced by power tillers, tractors etc. Nearly 60% of the rural people own a television. Diversification of rural miserliness concurrent with increasingly efficient solar systems has created market for larger Solar Energy System applications to power pumps, mini/micro grids for SMEs, internet kiosks etc. The rural farmers suffer from power shortage during the irrigation season and substitution of electric power pumps by solar pumps would save the r id system of 800 MW load on the national grid. There is also increasing demand in rural health and education sector for structured Energy Systems to power lights, computers, TVs and refrigerat ors etc. Solar power can fill the niche. Solar power can also be used for early ensample systems, emergency fire, water desalination etc. in disaster zones. Increasing load shading in the urban areas has made solar power an attractive option for urban dwellers. 1 to 10 KW systems to power lights, TVs and other appliances in domestic and commercial sector can easily create a niche, alongside diesel generators and Instant PowerSupply etc. good progress has reduced cost, increased efficiency and diversified the application of solar energy. For example, use of LED and CFL has reduced the cost of solar power, while increasing its efficiency. Pico systems (1 to 5 watts) can power 2 or more lights while charging mobile phones. This has brought solar technology within the reach of lower income gro ups. LED based systems have resulted in dramatic decrease in costs. Factors to reduce cost allow efficient loads, innovative batteries, and lower module cost. We can use biogas technology not only generating cooking gas, but also for generating ure methane gas which can used for running vehicles, power pumps and other electronic equipment. This will facilitate rural development. though some large s ized biogas plants in Bangladesh are generating electricity, needs. We can scale this up if we can amend the gas and place it in cylinders. We can use all types of wastes ranging from animal dung to crop resi dues for this purpose. This is successful technology which has been implemented in India, Sweden and many other countries. Our Government which is promoting independent power generation should also facilitate this type of technology. We can use biogas technology in urban areas to onvert wastes into electricity, gas and organic fertilizers. over again Biogas technology takes part i n the global agitate against the greenhouse effect by reducing the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels in two ways. First, biogas is a direct substitute for gas or coal for cooking, heating, electricity generation and lighting. Second, the reduction in the consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that Bangladesh before long has a thriving RET sector with extendedeminal companies manufacturing batteries, lightings and other solar accessories. Many of these companies are also exportinging heir products. Recently government has contumacious to include solar as a hurl sector in its industry policy. Policy Options twist a Cutting Edge Entrepreneur establish Structure Bangladesh is uniquely positioned to reach 75 million people with renewable energy technologies by 2015. However, we cannot tap into this huge potential through the existing model. We need to develop a cutting edge, efficient, flexible structure of rural based entrepreneurs who will take solar and other RET to every nook and corner of country to create a truly Solar Bangladesh. We need to focus on the following for the above transformationCreating Clean Energy Entrepreneurs Page 13 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Providing long term soft loans at 5 to 6 % interest rate to all RET colligate businesses is indispensable. Present practice is that service providers can access soft loans after installing the systems. This does not take into account high upfront cost of sourcing supplies or developing the organizations. Similarly solar related manufacturing/ supply companies have to access loans at very high cost. Our financial incentives are focused on microfinance institutions. Instead of this, we should help create business companies small nd big at the dominion/sub-district level united with local entrepreneurs to widespread RET. This would create ownership, innovations and competition. We can create village based women entrepreneurs to promote Improved Cooking Stoves etc. They would also assemble, repair solar accessories and provide after sales service. They can be linked with small credit from rural financial institutions. RET is a step in the right direction. However most clients / renewable energy companies have been unable to access the loan because loan is to be provided to SHS customers and reimbursement is only after the installation.Energy Companies are not able to directly access this fund. This financing scheme has failed to gain momentum because of complex regulations and risk adverse aptness of commercial banks. We can create village based SME entrepreneurs to popularize sol ar pumps, mini grids and biogas plants etc. The entrepreneurs would invest in the technology and earn a return by renting the technology to others. They can source loans from rural banks. District/sub district level companies can help rural based source loans and the technology through guarantee, informati on, while national level companies would help istrict/sub-district level small and big compani es to source finance, technology and build up their market. Including a component in housing loans for installing solar. Creating a special green fund for providing chip in for pilot testing new projects. Providing matching grants through local government institutions to green our infrastructure such as rural schools , clinics, cyclone shelters, etc. Focusing on an Efficient, Cost effective Supply Chain We need to set up more battery and other solar accessory manufacturing units to create a competitive environment, reduce costs and increase efficiency. Our government should try o attract foreign investment and R & D in this sector. Creating a window in agricultural and other rural financial institutions to provide credit fo r RET, we can include training and credit for renewable energy technologies in our youth development programs. We should especially focus on SME loans and micro-credi t loans for creating small and big entrepreneurs in the rural areas. soon solar practitioners are suffering from high battery price. This can be solved through more battery companies. We should concentrate on manufacturin g export quality products to achieve economies of scale and tap into the world market. We can onsider setting up Green green light Zones especially for solar accessories such as charge controllers, invertors, mobile chargers etc with a focus on the rural areas to create green jobs. Circulating green bonds for raising capital for solar and other RET. Passing Pro -renewable energy Laws Providing special incentives such as long term soft loans, tax cuts for promoting solar both at the individual and commercial level. Biogas production can also be installed in combination with sanitation. human beings toilets incorporating biogas units are particularly suitable for pen -urban areas and small towns in India where the supply of cooking gas is nadequate and sewer wate r treatment is unaffordable for the local authorities. Biogas systems can become part of decentralized wastewater treatment, and provide the fuel needed for heating water, for bathing and running generators to provide lighting in these facilities. Removing all VAT/Tax for all type of solar accessories and raw materials to reduce cost. Bangladesh has one of the highest tariff structures in the world. Providing tax holidays and other benefits for put in solar businesses. Making it mandatory to have all market places, restaurants, commercial buildings to install solar. At the same time government should rovide soft loans for solar installation which would be part of housing loans. flourishing Access to Green Credit & Funds expend in Capacity Development and R & D Page 14 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Developing a sustainable framework for developing human resources through country wide vocational centers, training institutes etc. Focus should be also on developing export quality human resource. This would also an incentive for private companies to participate with the maturing of the sector. Focusing on R & D to adapt and develop innovative technologies. We should have nnovation lab in all major universities which should be linked with international institutions and research institutions. Government should create an incentive structure such as competitions, awards to promote R & D. Facilitating new ideas such as installment array through mobile phones, prepaid cards to scale up and reduce transaction costs. Conclusion Bangladesh has granted birth to one of most successful models to reiterate RET. Keys to these successes are an innovative credit system, appropriate product design, grassroots based effective and efficient after sales service plus other consumer companionable options. However, the main actor behind the Bangladesh success story is that it empowers rural communities to own and uses RET and eventual ly become partners to bring and expand RET in their communities. It seeks solutions that empower women, the disadvantaged, create jobs, facilitate rural development and especially protect the environment. To summarize, Bangladesh already has experience with RET projects. The potential of these project initiatives is high. Viable approaches need to be amplified to a broader context under a national RET strategy. In particular, the pilot schemes of RET development in Bangladesh need be scaled up to take a greater share in f niche markets for RET and strengthening relevant institutions to implement RET policy direction are assertable avenues to assist with this. References 1. M S Islam and M R Islam (July 2011), Reducing biomass usage in rural areas of Bangladesh, southeastward Asia Energy Network, Practical Action, Colombo, p . 4 -5 2. united States Agency for International Development (2011), Obtained from http//www. usaid. gov/bd/programs/energy. html Accessed on 2nd October 2011 3. Infrastructure Development Company express mail (2011), Obtained from http//www. idcol. org/prjshsm2004. php Accessed on 3rd October 2011 Page 15 / 79